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The Confucianism and Taoist sects and the main idea of the scholars of the Song Dynasty[1]
Author: Zhu Han, a popular scholar. Source: Author authorized by Confucianism.com
Original “Philosophy Research” Issue 10, 2018
Time: Confucius was in the 2570s and the first day of the seventh month of Jihai.
As the bearers and main strength of “Tao”, they are also working very hard to construct Taoism. The Taoist theory of the Confucian scholars in Song Dynasty was actually the expression and manifestation of the main consciousness of scholars and officials, and was closely related to the main consciousness of Confucian scholars and officials who emerged at that time. In order to promote the main idea of Confucian scholars and officials, Confucian Song proposed and tried their best to solve the following questions: When the three religions of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism were prosperous, which one was the legitimate state of Chinese civilization? In the world where Confucianism is everywhere, which school is the regular state of Confucianism? In the co-governance structure of Taoism and politics, Confucian scholars and kings, who should lead the order of civilization and political order? The Taoist theory of the Confucianism in Song Dynasty, especially the Taoist theory constructed by Zhu Xi through the review of the “Four Books”, made clear evidence in the above three aspects, clearly expressing the main idea of the Confucian scholars of the Song Dynasty.
Keywords: Song Confucianism, Taoist theory, Confucian scholars, “Four Books”, subjective consciousness
The Song Dynasty had completely broken the political level and intellectual failure of the “genius tribe” of the Han and Tang dynasties, and entered an era when it was important to rise equally through the scientific system and realize social mobility, forming a group of scholars and officials born in “white-clothed scholars” but could also combine political elites, social elites and civilized elites as ones. In this way, the political power of the gentry led by the Jewish gentry since the Han Dynasty declined, and replaced by the political power of the gentry born in common, and a new political format of “scholars and monarchs govern the whole country together” was gradually formed.
In the context of social changes in the Tang and Song dynasties, Confucianism promoted the rejuvenation of Confucianism and completed the construction of the Four Books. At the same time, they also completed the reconstruction of Confucianism’s scheming. During the transformation of the Tang and Song dynasties, the Song Dynasty scholars and officials were able to enter the historical stage with the attitude of political and civilized subjects, strengthening their sense of mission as the inheritor of “Tao”, and furthering a step to seriously change their academic vision, political situation, and personality fantasy. The scholars and servants of the Song Dynasty promoted the reconstruction of Confucian civilization. As the bearers and subjective forces of “Tao”, they actively promoted the construction of Taoism. The Taoist theory of the Song Confucianism was actually the expression and manifestation of the subjective consciousness of the scholars and servants. The Confucian scholars of the Song Dynasty proposed and hoped to solve this series of problems: among the three religions of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism, which one is the only one.Is it the Chinese thinking civilization and the legitimate state? There were many differences in the Song Dynasty during the rejuvenation of Confucianism. Which school is the Confucianism? In the co-governance structure of Taoism and politics, Confucian scholars and kings, who leads the order of the country? The Taoist theory proposed by the Confucian Confucians of Song Dynasty, especially the Taoist theory constructed by Zhu Xi through the commentary of the “Four Books”, gave a clear answer to these questions, which happened to be the academic expression of the main idea of Confucian scholars and the inheritance of the related “Tao”.
1. Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism emerge together. Who is the legitimate state of Chinese civilization?
Confucianism’s state-level thinking began in the war in the country and developed in the Song Dynasty, because the inclusiveConfucianism both needed to deeply explore resources of traditional civilization, and seek to think and base from the previous sages to solve real political and civilization problems. Taoist thinking shows their own energy to inherit historical civilization and deeply explore traditional resources.
The primitive Confucianism during the war of the country during the age of time proposed the Taoist thought of “ancestors and Shun”. Under the great revival of Confucianism in the Tang and Song Dynasties, Confucianism in the Song Dynasties finally proposed the “Taoism Discussion” of the two Buddhist and Taoist teachings that were flourishing in the Tang Dynasty. The question they were concerned about was: when the three religions of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism were flourishing, which one was the legitimate Chinese civilization? From the Middle Tang to the early Song Dynasty, many years of Confucianism proposed its own Taoist thoughts, all of which were related to this problem. Confucian scholars at this time hoped to solve the problem of Confucianism’s own right position, that is, during the peak of Buddhist and old thinking, they emphasized that only Confucianism could represent the rightness of Chinese thinking civilization. The Taoist theory they proposed was linked to the Confucian rejuvenation movement, and it manifested a kind of civilized self-perception of Confucian scholars when facing the challenges of Buddhism and Taoism. Since Confucian scholars at this stage were not able to make clear ideological innovations in Confucianism, they were still important to follow the Taoist connotation and Taoist connotation proposed by late Confucianism, and to consolidate the Confucian scholars with certain positions in the pre-Qin and Han Dynasty, and to enter into the Taoist teaching and receiving system they arranged.
During the two periods, the Chinese world of thinking and academic circles established a unique situation for Confucianism. However, since the Wei Dynasty, Sui and Tang Dynasties, external religions had a profound impact on various social differences, and Buddhism and Taoism emerged together to present a confrontation. From the community of the common people to the elite group of scholars and officials, and the kings of the court in the past, they often wander among the three religions of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism, affecting the world of thinking and civilization between the Tang and Song dynasties, so historical events that constantly arise from Confucianism and Buddhism, Confucianism and Taoism, and Buddhism and Taoism. With the continuous profound conflict between Confucianism and Buddhism, some Confucian scholars and leaders since the Middle Tang Dynasty have inherited the originalThe Taoist thought of Confucianism formally proposed the Taoist theory. The proposal of Taoist theory is related to this very prominent question: Which one of the ideological teachings represents the legitimate principles of China’s ideological civilization? It can be seen that due to the joint rise of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism, the international Confucian scholars and officials in the Tang and Song dynasties talked about the Taoism sect based on the civilization challenge of the great Buddhist and Lao people’s thoughts. They emphasized that only Confucianism is the right state representing China’s thought civilization, and hoped to establish Confucian civilization as the right state of Chinese civilization from the beginning. This is exactly the continuous rise and increasingly strengthening of the civilization subject of Confucian scholars.
The first Confucian figure to pay attention to and try to solve this problem was Han Yu, the leader of the ancient Chinese movement in the Tang Dynasty and the advocate of the revival of Confucian civilization during the Tang and Song dynasties. In order to revive Confucianism, Korea promoted the ancient Chinese movement with the theme of “literature conveys the Tao” and clearly put forward the thinking of Taoism. “The Original Tao” is the leader of its thinking of Taoism. Korean Yu’s Taoism is to clarify the most basic difference between the Confucian “Tao” and the “Tao” of Buddhism and Laozi. As he said, “What I call Tao is not the way of Laozi and Buddhism that I call.” Korean Yu pointed out that the focus of Confucian Tao is “benevolence”, which is the most basic difference between Confucianism and Buddhism and Laozi. He particularly emphasized that the Confucian way in China had a long-standing teaching and receiving system, namely, “The reason why Xi was passed down by Shun, Shun was passed down by Yu, Yu was passed down by Tang, Wen, Wu, Zhou Gong, Confucius passed down by Confucius, Confucius passed down by Meng Fu. The death of Xi cannot be passed down.” [2] The focus of South Korea’s increasing emphasis on the Chinese civilization was the “Tao” of Confucius and Mencius passed down by Shun, which actuall
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